360-Degree Feedback

Angelo S. DeNisi

The term 360-degree feedback refers to an appraisal and feedback system in which an employee (typically someone in a managerial or supervisory position) is evaluated by one or more supervisors, peers, and subordinates. These systems, sometimes called multi-source appraisals , are generally expensive, and the ratings produced by them should be used as a feedback tool only. That is, numerous scholars have recommended that 360-degree ratings not be used for any decisions often associated with appraisals; yet there is a fair amount of evidence that these ratings are often used for making decisions about merit pay raises and promotions. Considerable research had led to proposals for 360-degree systems, and several papers have critically analyzed their use in practice. Most of these papers have focused only on the reasons why 360-degree feedback may not be as effective as organizations would prefer, but very little research has actually evaluated the effectiveness of ...

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